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Write My Essay This research takes a communication strategy to highlight chief follower dynamics in annual appraisal interviews. Jun Appendices can be utilized in papers for quite a lot of functions however their primary operate is to supply fuller information about some source or remark mentioned within the body of the paper. Each appendix ought to be started on a separate web page and the label Appendix Appendix A etc. Jul How do you listing questions in a paper utilizing APA type Asked in Academic Writing APA Format The purpose of reference listing of an APA formatting style . the pages of a manuscript must be arranged as follows A. com Aug Provides APA Style pointers on the way to cite an interview. During the precise interview not every question was answered and extra questions were added. APA format is the official writing style utilized by the American Psychological Association Apa paper instance with appendix. Beyond the office, our broad selection of faculty supplies including backpacks, notebooks, pens and laptop computer computer systems to help your student excel. The Forest Stewardship Council is a broadly respected not-for-revenue organization that seeks to guard the world’s forests by monitoring and improving timber manufacturing. The FSC has labored with key gamers within the lumber industry to examine and track timber and pulp by way of manufacturing chains, ensuring that woodlands are managed sustainably. Any paper products certified by the FSC are created with sustainable practices. R Erm 1 so that you ve agreed to When using APA format observe the creator date method of in text quotation. You may cite them throughout the text as a private communication. This signifies that the creator 39 s last name and the 12 months of publication for the source ought to seem in the textual content for example Jones 1998 . evaluation skilled transcription providers have been employed. Feb If you are attaching only one appendix label it Appendix if you are utilizing multiple appendix label them with a capital letter Appendix A Appendix B and so on. For example when you are conducting a private interview the reader would never be able to entry a transcript of that interview. This appendix contains the listing of questions used within the interviews and the transcripts of the interviews conducted with Denbury Resources Inc. An appendix is a section behind a nonfiction book where you can provide supplementary or further data not provided in the primary text. Personal interviews are not included within the reference record as a result of they are not considered recoverable information. The committee and its contractors performed a total of 44 interviews with a variety of people who find themselves involved with the school system in D. Save on printer ink and toner to keep your workplace efficient and productive. Utilize our customized online printing and IT providers for small companies to face out from the competition through our Print & Copy companies. Create promotional products, customized business cards, custom stampers, flyers and posters to strengthen your model. One of probably the most tough steps on this course of is taking the interview Each appendix may have a title double spaced beneath the web page heading. All earnings name transcripts on Apache Corporation APA inventory. The feedback packing containers to the right record the codes 1 eight assigned to the textual content. The origin of and the code label utilized to each quantity could be present in Table 5. Jun According to APA style an interview you performed is considered quot private communication quot much like an e-mail. Interview APA Reference List Personal Interviews. All that preparation could also be cumbersome but it'll in the end make for a sooner and more correct transcription. The above transcript of President Obama s speech would be cited like this in APA Obama B. My mother in law is fifty nine years old Caucasian Born in Arvada Colorado. If an audio file or transcript is on the market on-line use the following mannequin specifying the medium in brackets e. This can be so simple as a URL or as complicated as a location in an institutional archive the latter is shown within the instance beneath. 14 and on web page forty one The appendices observe the reference listing. In the physique of your paper you may use a parenthetical citation corresponding to B. For more data please contact APA Communications at or press psych. Use the next template to cite a interview using the APA citation type. Appendix Thesis And Dissertation Research Guides At Sam Houston The interview additionally has a title and titles are typically italicized in APA citations see e. APA Video Citation Posted on November by thewriter in Citation Format Videos are categorized beneath audiovisual media alongside with audios and tv broadcasts.

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How To Write A Strong Introduction To A Research Paper

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A Clear Guide On How To Write A Research Paper, Term Paper, Thesis Or Similar Academic Papers

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Is It Safe To Buy Essays Online?

Is It Safe To Buy Essays Online? Citing Text Evidence Poster Freebie by More Time 2 Teach TpT. b Make it clear that you understand the reply because of the evidence The 2 Stars and a Wish Sentence Starters present ideas to assist college students start finishing a peer evaluate. But typically the hardest factor for students to do is to get the writing ball rolling. For a thesis assertion to be thought of robust it should be detailed and canopy all the elements of the argument to be made. I advocate card stock paper however regular weighted paper works rather well too. Something that supports that is Sentence frames help college students grasp the varied kinds of language buildings by which to precise ideas clearly. Organization Five paragraph essay minimal Intro Body Conclusion . Nov Williams students use a graphic organizer with three columns They write their answer in the first column note textual evidence in the second and clarify their proof within the third. Text Selection Tool Text Evidence Sentence Starters. Teachers ought to differentiate sentence Powered by Create your personal distinctive website with customizable templates. Citing Textual Evidence Sentence Starters for Writing. Simple sentences can In companions students read a textual content and take turns asking one another text dependent questions. It teaches college students to guess how words may be used within the text and create meaningful sentences. It may be direct quotes from the passage or paraphrasing of the creator s words. This sort of writing type requires college students to read a text or passage and use actual text to assist their answers citing particular evidence directly from the textual content. Is that the primary clause or a subordinate clause In this language arts worksheet your child learns about primary and subordinate clauses as parts of a sentence. Provide 2 items of evidence one from every supply to support your claim AND elaborate on your evidence. Use these sentence starters and examples under to check to see if you're using Textual Evidence Sentence Starters Sep sentence starters versus sentence frames Duration 6 34. A transition can present the place your proof was discovered in the textual content. In the first studying of the textual content teachers should craft questions that target the important thing ideas and details from the text. You may want to print on card or formulate it right into a extra person friendly format These sentence starters will provide simply the proper inspiration to introduce your primary idea. Explain Mar To address this I provide sentence frames during class discussion. By utilizing the offered sentence starters college students are required to quote textual evidence. Hand out a copy of the Making Predictions Matching worksheet to every pair of students. Citing evidence requires college students to assume more deeply concerning the text analyze the creator supply and so forth. In addition once I am happy with the record I will try to categorize the sentence starters. Writing Expository Writing Informational Text referring to the textual content. That method struggling readers will be able to hear words that they could not have understood or read appropriately. 1 Dec 2016 The Text Evidence Strategy That Changed My Classroom is from Scholastic Sentence Stems or Sentence Frames is by Valentina Gonzalez. quot quot When ____ text proof or sentence from textual content I predict ____ prediction . The first textual proof of the Greek language dates again to fifteenth century BC and the Linear B script which is associated with the Mycenaean Civilization. Cite what within the textual content led you to that concept Give supporting proof from the textual content by paraphrasing or directly quoting from the text . Nov Explore Elsa Perez Gonzalez 39 s board quot Textual evidence sentence starters quot followed by 103 individuals on Pinterest. Students talk about the text and collectively select proof to assist the claim that concern can be a dangerous factor. Print the playing cards out of A3 and stick them up on the board to stimulate your college students. Instead of jumping straight from a mini lesson to unbiased follow we can use scaffolds like those talked about above to help talent growth.

How To Efficiently Write A Research Paper With Your Collaborators And Co

How To Efficiently Write A Research Paper With Your Collaborators And Co They ought to evaluate your argument, transitions, and the stability and search for any inconsistencies with utilization, grammar or mechanics. Ask your folks to provide their feedback and make instructed changes should you think they make sense. Finally, you might print your paper and proofread it to remove minor errors or typos and ensure that your wonderful research paper is flawless. So, if you want to make a great impression on your professor and earn a excessive grade, you must revise your draft to make sure that your project is on point. Be ready that you could be must revise your project greater than once because it is really price doing. You’re going to fill out an hour or two of labor every day, accounting for different classes, social engagements, and priority necessities. When making the schedule, set completion targets in order that the time isn’t open-ended. Plagiarism is using another person's ideas or words with out giving that particular person correct credit score for creating them. The commonest ways college students plagiarize are copying, quoting, or summarizing from a supply with out correctly citing where the data came from. To find good sources, start at your school library, where the card catalogs and search engines can direct you to materials which were published. She was dedicated with each single details and deliver the paper inside deadline. ”, you conform to our phrases of service and privacy policy. We’ll often send you promo and account related emails. Doing a great research study is a pleasant method of getting the absolute best results. You can turn for our assist at any stage of the method. To get an A on this paper, you have to carry out with excellence in 3 categories and above average in no less than 2 of the other categories. Your profs know if you don’t take time prewriting, and they know when you’re being wishy-washy or only studying to strengthen your opinion. Go by way of and find the ideas the prof needs you to cowl within the paper. Even with bullets and commands that’s a lot of textual content. Let’s take it section by section, one directive at a time. Once you realize what the prof wants, you possibly can write a one sentence reference you could discuss with whenever you really feel like you’re going off track. Universities mandate that professors given college students rubrics or some form of assessment guideline. Our web site uses cookies to offer you prime-notch providers. Please agree with theCookie Policy before continuing. You should ask your friends or members of the family to evaluate your research paper and specific their opinion about it. You have a transparent course and it’s time to create the first draft with a title, in-text citations, and a reference web page. Move from a detailed to a general stage of consideration that returns the topic to the context offered by the introduction. If the argument or point of your paper is complex, you may need to summarize the argument for your reader. Citing sources is important because it can assist you to keep away from one thing called plagiarism. Our specialists will assist you to choose a broad enough topic to make the research examine much less annoying. In case you already have one, they may take it from here and information you through all the next stages. We suggest you specify all the required instructions before putting an order. Especially in terms of very particular pointers from your trainer. Thank you for making my day brighter by delivering the paper before the deadline. But you don’t have a lot time, so that you need to focus and slim your ideasâ€"it’s important to success. Mapping is a way that lets you freely report your ideas in a logical method. So you’ve accomplished the first two steps earlier than mattress on the day your assigned the paper, now comes the tough stuff. It will, nonetheless, be a bit easier now that you understand precisely what your prof needs and also you’ve obtained a schedule in place. When a supply has been chosen in your school's library assortment, you may be pretty assured that it is correct sufficient to use in your paper. Depending in your chosen subject, your research may come from class textbooks, newspapers, professional journals, and web sites. But placing collectively a powerful paper really simply includes a mixture of belongings you already know tips on how to do. Choose the kind of paper you should be written, the variety of pages, deadline and other necessities. If your time is nebulous, you will be extra likely to drop the ball. You’ve got a date with a chair and life-long studying. Completing this second step instantlyâ€"earlier than you go to bed on the day you get the projectâ€"is crucial to acing this paper. If you get caught while writing, pull out this sentence and see the place you’ve gone astray, or the place you go to get again on observe. It’s clear from the highlighting and underlining that the prof needs an argumentative paper that’s properly-organized and considerate. Note that there is nothing about originality in this rubric.

Uk Essays

Uk Essays It is straightforward to search out writing examples by googling “write my research paper.” Don’t try to find a paper with the identical topic as yours as it will solely confuse you. Better check out some credible web sites with examples of papers with varied formatting types and constructions. When you ask us to “write my research paper low-cost” and we fail to complete your request, you possibly can obtain a refund. The approved applicant is then positioned on a probationary period, completing orders as assigned and we evaluate those orders for quality, originality, and adherence to customer specifications. We will at all times assign a author who's a degree degree above your tutorial level. You have a variety of pages to put in writing and a particular matter to cover. If you want to dive deeper into your topic, you can do it another day. Remember that perfectionism is also a sort of procrastination, so you must keep away from it if you wish to turn in your paper in a timely manner. Here, you possibly can indicate specific sources that ought to be used in your project, your preferences on the writing style, vocabulary for use, and so forth. Also addContent paperwork that could be useful to your author within the “extra supplies” part. These papers are often composed with some help from professors and different scholars. To get more from skilled educational writing, we recommend that you simply select each a sensible paper possibility and progressive supply when it comes to the dissertation. Creative writing is an task normally given to students in humanities and English 101. With our money-again guarantee, we safeguard the standard and timely supply of your paper. Our dispute decision managers analyze every reimbursement inquiry and if the case of failure is confirmed, they offer the client a refund from 10% to one hundred% of the paper’s worth. Choose this function if you wish to have higher control over the writing course of and have the ability to evaluation your paper half by half. Thus, a high school term paper must-have assets, structure, vocabulary, and magnificence that's acceptable for that degree. A Ph.D. dissertation, then again, involves an original study, a analysis question, a complex literature evaluate, and the accumulation and evaluation of data. Obviously, high quality is outlined very in another way in this occasion. We must know what number of pages and assets are required. We must have any other specs or requirements your instructor may have given. We must know in case you have a pre-determined thesis or if the writer is supposed to craft one for you. All of our writers are skilled and possess academic levels. All these problems may be easily solved if you place an order on our web site. Our writing service has gained popularity among college students, so let’s discover out what the reasons are. We are here to help you with any writing project you have. On our site, you could have an excellent alternative to get a free preview. You can contact the author utilizing the chat choice and pay solely after you might be totally happy with the paper. We define high quality as writing that meets all of a pupil’s and an instructor’s requirements for academic analysis and composition, it doesn't matter what the educational degree. The extra info you provide, the better your paper shall be. Choose “Rapid Essay term paper writing service” from the record. Dissertation or thesis is the culmination of a student’s educational life. As a rule, it is a requirement for incomes a degree, such as a grasp’s or PhD. This will allow you to give your suggestions on the assignment earlier than your writer begins working on the next part. By doing so, you will avoid the potential of errors and the necessity to revise your paper when it's absolutely accomplished. Another good thing about a progressive delivery option is the likelihood to pay for our help in installments, individually for every a part of your project. To obtain a custom paper, we extremely suggest that you simply fill in your order form completely. To get a customized assignment that can correspond to all of your wants, we propose you take note of the “paper directions” subject.

Uk Essays

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Finding Paper Writing Help Online

Finding Paper Writing Help OnlineWhen it comes to finding Paper Writing Help, it is a big job. Just like any other occupation, a person will need to hire someone, in this case a professional writer. This person will need to do research and think of how to fit your paper into the proper format.What most people don't realize is that just because the content is written for a specific audience, that does not mean that you are writing to a specific audience. You may be writing to a general audience, but not for them. I mean, isn't that the point of writing?And that is exactly what writing is all about - it is about thinking of the audience and the topic. No matter how much you want to be 'close' to the audience, you must write in the format that the audience wants. And once you know that, you will then be able to write in the format that best fits the subject matter that you want to talk about.There are two ways to find writing help. One way is to find yourself some online tools or public ations, which are often called online articles. If you have a ton of free time, you can even make your own articles online, which may not turn out well, but it is a great first step if you're new to writing.Another way is to go to the library, go online, and actually create a blog. You can actually do a blog from anywhere with a computer. And you can actually begin writing a blog as soon as you have the necessary tools.If you don't have the technical knowledge or the know-how on how to create a blog, you may want to use a special web form, which is a way for you to create a blog. There are many of these available, and they are usually very easy to create.Of course, this kind of help is for writers who already have some experience with websites and publishing. If you are new to that, there are other options out there, and those can be a lot of fun and more affordable, but they still require a lot of skill.

Sports, Equality, And Act On The Locker Room Essay

Everyone has a gender. It is something we are born into, and has an impact on every aspect of our lives. It affects how we walk, talk, and act on a daily basis. What truly is gender though? Gender is what defines many facets of our culture, and differentiates the roles people take on as men or women. Today, most countries define gender as the genetic and biological traits we are born with. However, what if someone felt they were supposed to be the opposite gender of the one they were born into? That is precisely the feeling that transgenders have from a young age. The feeling of not belonging in their own body and wanting to be someone else. To make things even harder, what if they were also an athlete? Not only would they feel like they don t belong in their own body, but the sports they want to play or already play would be affected. With that, this paper will look at and discuss eligibility in sports, equality in the locker room, and self worth both on and off the field for transg ender athletes. Society has created this normality that it is okay to discriminate against transgenders. Making statements that they do not belong and changing their sexual orientation is not right. In our modern society, however, some people have come to either accept, or at least acknowledge that transgenders are people just like you and me. Now, take all of these issues of discrimination and add in the dynamic of sports. Should transgenders be allowed to play a sport during or after theirShow MoreRelatedWomen s Sexual Discrimination At Academic Institutes1503 Words   |  7 Pagesstate laws prohibiting illegal discrimination. Title IX was established around discrimination based on gender in 1972, and promotes equality between men and women in education. Congress developed Title IX in order to spark the act of going against sexual discrimination at academic institutes that were federally funded to promote the participation of women in school sports and to create more programs for student athletes that are female. It is the federal law that prohibits discrimination on the basisRead MoreEquality Between Men And Women1463 Words   |  6 Pagesstate laws prohibiting illegal discrimination. Title IX was established around discrimination based on gender in 1972, and promotes equality between men and women in education. Congress developed Title IX in order to spark the act of going against sexual discrimination at academic institutes that were federally funded to promote the participation of women in school sports and to create more programs for student athletes that are female. It is the federal law that prohibits discrimination on the basisRead Moreequal rights for L.G.B.T.† revolution800 Words   |  4 Pagesthe first openly gay football player, he will accelerate the process of acceptance of homosexuals in professional sports. Sam could be the first ever professional openly gay football player, which Wire says will lead different groups to act negatively towards him. Wire uses the example of football player, Jonathan Vilma, who said he â€Å"wouldn’t want a gay teammate in the locker room because he may look at him while he is naked†. He also says how fans will hide behind their computer screen and makeRead MoreHarassment Towards Women Playing Educational Sports1657 Words   |  7 PagesSports have always been an intrical part of Americas culture and society, from playing baseball in the front yard to knocking a homerun out of the ballpark, but this playing in the fields only applied to boys. Unfortunately, before Title Nine was established in 1972, there was a great deal of harassment towards women playing educational sports. This new amendment to the Civil Acts, broke down the barriers for women, and demanded proportionality between mens and womens athletic programs. Due toRead MorePolic y Analysis Paper copy1430 Words   |  6 Pagescontradict the norms and labels our society has in place regarding gender and sex roles. The very definition of what it means to be female or male is being challenged by this small portion of the population. In their fight for gender autonomy and gender equality in the education field, they have made great strides to be acknowledged and treated as the gender they identify with; instead of the gender that our society’s norms place on them because of their birth certificate sex. In several states acrossRead MoreTitle IX Essay1657 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Education Amendments Act of 1972 states,†No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial assistance† (Vest and Masterson par. 1). Title IX has increased women’s participation in athletics tremendously. Before Title IX only 100,000 female athletes participated in high school sports; following the act, Title IX was issued moreRead MoreQuality Of Being Available For Inclusive Recreation Participation Essay1813 Words   |  8 Pagesfacility manager would have to reconstruct. Furthermore, in this section and Priority 2 that consist of Access too Goods and Services there is no more accessible areas for inclusive recreation participation. In priority 3 which consist of the toilet rooms have accessible areas for barriers. For instance, #3.7 in the survey accommodates wheel chair accessibility of 32 inches wide in the door frame. However, once the individual is inside there is limited space to maneuver. The space should be at leastRead MoreDiversity Efforts 1854 Words   |  8 Pagesare news reporters in the football field and the locker room. Testosterone dominates that arena, creating an environment that clearly presents a biased work environment, for the minority woman in the midst. Unless a woman can develop the physical nature of a man, she will risk the chance of getting hurt on the field. Unless men can stop being men, harassment and discrimination will always be a factor to a woman attempting to interview in locker rooms full of naked athletes. In comparison, men reportersRead MoreInvictus Movie Analysis2408 Words   |  10 Pagesthat wiping out earlier memories and association with injustice or apartheid is the only way moving forward and progressing as a nation. The Springboks clearly hav e a bad history of association with apartheid. This is illustrated when the National Sports Committee strongly advocates for their removal, and change of symbol of the team after Mandela assumes office. There is also another instance shown in the movie when a black kid refuses a Springbok jersey at a Salvation Camp donation afraid that theRead MoreSports And Its Effects On Women2034 Words   |  9 PagesPlaying Sports provides entertainment for families, teaches leadership, discipline, and sportsmanship. Sports bring people together, establishes bonds, and also help with communication and physical skills. Almost every kind of physical sport is healthy because it involves running, jumping, stretching and coordination skills. In addition the effort, commitment, and participation provides important lessons for life. One problem with sports is equality. Women in athletics do not receive the same exposure

Pips Childhood in Charles Dickens Great Expectations Essay

Pips Childhood in Charles Dickens Great Expectations In the first five chapters of Charles Dickens Great Expectations, we follow the life of a young boy, Phillip Pirrip - Pip for short, in early nineteenth century England. A time when England was in industrial revolution and when the rapid growth of cities brought social divisions between class - rich and poor. The British government fearing a revolution, maintained a harsh regime. In Great Expectations, Dickens writes about this and conveys attitudes towards children, most especially Pip and the severity and turbulence of his childhood. Dickens is able to convey Pips youth and the nature of his childhood through the language, use of†¦show more content†¦Pip is unable to see his parents appearances due to the non existence of photography, he therefore imagines his father as a square, stout, dark man and his mother as freckled and sickly due to nothing more than the appearance of the letters inscribed upon their tombstones. An adult would not usually draw this kind of conclu sion from a tombstones lettering and so we begin to understand Pips immaturity. A very detailed description of the setting is given in which Dickens informs the reader that Pip is standing in the graveyard looking observing a Dark flat wilderness beyond the churchyard, intersected with dykes and mounds and gates, with scattered cattle feeding on it, was the marshes; and the distant savage lair from which the wind was rushing, was the sea, this all builds up to create the impression of a harsh forbidding setting and we discover that the small bundle of shivers growing afraid of it all and beginning to cry, was Pip this all adds up to make us feel sorry for Pip and conveys the impression of a small, scared, lonely and insecure boy. Pip is then caught by surprise and has a chance encounter with an escaped convict, named Magwitch, who goes on to shape much of Pips life. Pips immaturity, irony and exaggeration is conveyed during this encounter. Pip seems to rigid with terror as the fearful man questions him and orders him about. The convict is able toShow MoreRelatedSocial Class Of The Victorian Era1282 Words   |  6 Pagesof the most important social reformers during the Victorian Era was Charles Dickens. Growing up in a poor, working class family, Dickens knew about the harsh realities that spawned from the social class system present. His writing reflects these experiences and attempts to expose this harsh system and other big problems prominent in Victorian society. Pip is a character that experiences some of these realities in Great Expectations. Pip initially lets his social status define him and must then go throughRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations964 Words   |  4 PagesOliveros British Literature H February 24, 2016 TITLE Throughout Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations, minor characters help in the development of Pip and his psychological state. The novel journeys with Pip as he grows from a poor, young boy to an adult in the upper class. Difficult situations, suspense, and dynamic characters fill the novel. Julian Moynahan, a professor emeritus of literature at Rutgers University, analyzed Dickens’ novel and produced excellent parallels between a select few of theRead MoreEssay on Charles Dickens Great Expectations1135 Words   |  5 Pages Great Expectations’ main character, Phillip Pirrip- generally known as Pip- had a rough upbringing as a child. His sister, Mrs. Joe had â€Å"brought him up by hand†, after their parents and five brothers had all been laid to rest many years ago. Another character, Herbert Pocket experienced a bizarre childhood, though in a different manner. Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations develops through the novel following Pip, a young â €Å"common boy† who grew up in the countryside. As he matured so did his loveRead MoreGreat Expectations by Charles Dickens984 Words   |  4 PagesCharles Dickens utilizes his life for inspiration for the protagonist Pip in his novel Great Expectations. They both struggle with their social standing. Dickens loved plays and theatre and therefore incorporated them into Pip’s life. Dickens died happy in the middle class and Pip died happy in the middle class. The connection Dickens makes with his life to Pip’s life is undeniable. If readers understand Dickens and his upbringing then readers can understand how and why he created Pip’s upbringingRead MoreCharles Dickens Great Expectations972 Words   |  4 PagesThe novel â€Å"Great Expectation† by Charles Dickens, is written from the perspective of an innocent boy, Pip, whose life is faced with different challenges and expectations. Growing up in a small village with a ruthless and violent sister who shows him little love causes him to be sensitive. In essence, the narrator not only begins to yearn for love and acceptance, but he also develops a high desire of becoming a gentleman in order to obtain genuine happiness. According to Pip, being a gentleman isRead MoreAnalysis: Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens951 Words   |  4 Pageslots of care and a happy and loving childhood. Children growing up in this environment will describe their youth as a time of wonder and laughter; they will enjoy the experiences as a child. However, in the Victorian age, this is a completely different story as most children had to go through many hardships and sufferings, in order to satisfy the needs of their family. Great Expectations is set in the Victorian age and Charles Dickens portrays the years of childhood as at time of confusion, darknessRead MoreGreat Expectations: Conflicts Faced Analysis of English Society1535 Words   |  7 PagesGreat Expectations Essay Essay Task: Read Great Expectations by Charles Dickens and write an essay in which you describe the conflicts faced by Pip and the author’s attitude toward English society. Hailed by many as his greatest novel, Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations is a self-narrated story which tells the life of an orphan named Pip, raised by his abusive sister, who leaves behind a childhood of misery and poverty to embark on a journey to become a gentleman after an unnamed benefactorRead MoreGreat Expectations Analysis1614 Words   |  7 PagesGreat Expectations was written by Charles Dickens during the Victorian period and follows the life of Pip, our protagonist, as he works his way up the social hierarchy of the Victorian society. It was first published as series from 1860 to 1861. It is written as a bildungsroman: a genre of writing which pursues the life of a character from their childhood to their adult life. This novel has been hugely influenced by the author’s own life; who also worked his way up the social ladder. The story isRead MoreGreat Expectations1707 Words   |  7 PagesGreat Expectations Human nature is the psychological and social qualities that characterize humankind. Human nature separates humans from the rest of the animal kingdom. The underlining theme of human nature is evident in Great Expectation by Charles Dickens use of his characters. A main characteristic that Dickens displays is friendship. The friendship between Pip and Herbert is strong. Herbert was significant to Pip’s growth in social class and eventual to his revelation. â€Å"Friendship was oneRead MoreSocial Advancement Versus Affection, Loyalty, And Conscience1114 Words   |  5 Pagesand have to work hard to gain the respect of others or of their fellow citizens. In Charles Dickens Great Expectations, the main character Pip realizes this and longs to become a part of the upper class society to receive its perks. This bildungsroman of Pip’s life shows how social advancement is not more important than affection, loyalty, and self conscience through the use of details, symbols and motifs. Pip’s early life is detailed to show that it is not an ideal one. With both his parents deceased

Monopoly of Cengage Learning System †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Monopoly of Cengage Learning System. Answer: Introduction: Natural monopoly refers to a situation when a single firm is in a better position to serve the market in comparison with two or more firms. Typically in a natural monopoly due to the significant cost advantage that is enjoyed by the existing player, the other players have no chance with regards to entering the market (Samuelson Marks, 2003). There are various reasons which can give rise to a natural monopoly. One of these is economies of scale which essentially refers to a situation where there is a decrease in the overall cost as the production output increases. As a result, the existing firm owing to the large output tends to have a cost advantage which a new entrant would not be able to match and this acts as a natural entry barrier against any competition (Mankiw, 2014). Another key reason contributing to a natural monopoly is in the form of control over scarcely available resources. This may be in the form of network or existing infrastructure which related to railway lines, tr ansmission lines of telephone etc. Thus, the player which has control over the above resources tends to act as the sole supplier and the new firms cannot enter the market without the same resource. Further, another reason for existence of natural monopolies is in the form of government intervention and policies. This is typically the case in various industries where the upfront costs are exceptionally high such as electricity transmission, gas pipeline etc. In such cases, it makes sense not to cause duplication of this immense infrastructure and thereby confining the market to only one player makes sense (Nicholson Snyder, 2011). Natural Monopoly Determination of Price and Quantity The monopolistic firm would tend to take economic decisions with the objective of maximising profit. As a result the firm tends to produce till the price is greater than the marginal cost. This would lead to the available resources being under-allocated. This is because the corresponding output is lower than the comparable output expected in perfect competition while the price charged is significantly higher. The equilibrium for the monopolistic firm is indicated below (Besanko Braeutigam, 2010). The corresponding quantity produced by a monopolist firm is indicated by Qm while the price charged by the firm is indicated by Pm. It is noteworthy that the firm tends to produce at a level where the AC or Average cost is not at its lowest point. Hence, in order to maximise efficiency ideally, the firm should produce at a point where the AC is at the lowest point. However, increasing the production and corresponding lowering the price would not enable the firm to maximise profits (Krugman Wells, 2008). Thus, a firm in the natural monopoly tends to under-produce as the efficient output level would be higher. Additionally, if theoretically some competitor does try to entry to market, the monopolist firm can enter the production quantity thus lowering the cost further and reducing the price, thereby ensuring that the competitor would have to quit the market (Mankiw Taylor, 2011). Natural Monopoly Efficiency Considering that resources are scarce, it is essentially that these should be allocated and utilised in a manner so that the productive and allocative efficiency is maximised. This does not happen in case of natural monopoly especially if there is no intervention from the government. The analysis of the efficiency in monopoly can be reflected in the diagram indicated below (Nicholson Snyder, 2011). In the above diagram, it is apparent the when a natural monopoly is unregulated, then the respective price charged and quantity supplied are Pm and Qm respectively. The social optimal pricing is obtained at PSO with a corresponding output of QSO. Alternately if the government intervenes and sets a price for either break even or a fair return, then the respective price charged and quantity supplied would be Pfr and Qfr respectively. It is apparent from the above diagram that unregulated monopoly is highly efficient (Mankiw, 2014). As a result there is a huge deadweight loss and the consumer surplus is highly diminished which is demonstrated below (Mankiw Taylor, 2011). The above graphs clearly reflect the need for the regulation of the natural monopoly so that efficiency can be enhanced or else without any competition; the firm would aim at making profits while using resources in an inefficient manner (Krugman Wells, 2008). Natural Monopoly Case for government intervention From the above discussion in relation to efficiency and also the market power available with the monopolist, it is apparent that there is a need for government regulation. The various reasons in this regards are summarised below (Pindyck Rubinfeld, 2001). The government intervention is required in order to check prices as an unregulated monopolist would charge excessive prices that would lead to inefficiency and loss decrease in consumer welfare. It is quite possible that the quality of the product or service provided by the monopolist firm may fall over time as there is no competition. Hence, government intervention ensures that minimum quality standards are upheld. Considering the monopolist is the only provider of a particular product or service, it is likely that the suppliers may face a difficult time as there is only buyer of their goods with 100% market share. Thus, regulation by the government would ensure that monopsony power is not deployed for exploitation of suppliers. While in case of monopoly, there may be the case of increasing competition to keep the monopolist under check, but in case of a natural monopoly, it is not possible for any competitor to enter and hence the regulation has to be performed by government only as no alternative to the same may be available. Natural Monopoly Methods of government intervention While the need for government regulation through intervention is established in the previous section, this section aims at highlighting the various means that the government deploys in order to ensure the same. Further, the operating mechanism of each of these government measures along with their respective pros and cons has been discussed. The pricing capping is commonly practiced for key utilities such as electricity, water, gas where it is essential that the consumers tend to receive these vital services at affordable costs. This is especially the case when a public utility may be privatised. In that case, the government appoints regulators for the various sectors which tend to limit price in case of inflation. Usually, the monopolistic firm would be allowed to increase the firm by a value which is lower than inflation which would ensure that efficiency gains are also realised. This provides the incentive to the private firms to enhance efficiency in order to safeguard profit margin in an inflationary environment. Further, the upward revision of pricing is allowed with prior approval from regulator after the approval is granted (Mankiw Taylor, 2011). This mechanism has a host of advantages. Firstly, the price increases are monitored by the regulator that can take into consideration various factors including public welfare. Secondly, this system of price capping provides incentive to the monopolistic firm to improve efficiency for maximising the respective profits. This is because the returns are not regulated, only the price is and also the regulator which deciding on the price increases also expects some amount of efficiency gains. Thirdly, this practice helps in curbing the abuse of monopsony power (Pindyck Rubinfeld, 2001). However, there are certain disadvantages which are associated with this approach. Firstly, maintaining a balance between profitability of the firm and public welfare is difficult to achieve for the regulator and usually there is a drift to either side from the optimum equilibrium, Secondly, there may be collusion between the regulator and the monopolistic firm which allows the firm to earn supernormal profits on a sustainable basis at the cost of public welfare. Thirdly, the firm has incentive to be little inefficient to that in every incremental price increase, it can increase the efficiency (Krugman Wells, 2008). Quality of service regulation When a natural monopoly exists for a public utility, then it is imperative for the regulator to define the minimum service standards or the firm may try to maximise the profit or price by intentionally maintaining poor quality and charging a premium for good quality services. In order to avoid this, government regulation is essential. However, it is essential that regulators must also specify a minimum service standard that can be realistically met (Besanko Braeutigam, 2010). In extreme cases, there may be breaking of the monopoly in order to increase the competition. For the natural monopoly, it is possible that geographical spin off is possible into different entities rather than being part of a single huge entity. Additionally, the government may buy a stake in the firm which would ensure that the management has government representatives and the public welfare is better served. In extreme cases, there may be nationalisation of the firm and suitable compensation may be provided (Arnold, 2008). However, this may dent the investor confidence and usually is refrained from and external regulation is practiced. But as a measure, this is available if there is a need. Over the long time nationalisation of the firm may lead to inefficiency and hence is not preferred (Nicholson Snyder, 2011). This is another means of achieving price regulation besides price capping. In this regulation, instead of capping the price, the regulator taking into consideration the amount of capital deployed may offer a fixed rate of return and thereby ensure prices in accordance of this objective. Thus, the underlying prices are decided in line with ensuring fixed returns to the monopolist firm. However, one major issue with this method is that the private player would tend to overstate the cost in order to increase the price set by the regulator (Krugman Wells, 2008). Further, in this method, there is no incentive for the private player to ensure that the operations are run efficiently as the same would lead to lower prices bring set by the regulator. Besides, it may also be difficult to ascertain a reasonable rate of interest which satisfies both the regulation and the firm (Mankiw, 2014). Conclusion Based on the above discussion, it would be fair to conclude that in a natural monopoly, there is potential danger of inefficiency and public interest not being served since the form could be driven by the profit motive and hence would tend to maintain an artificial scarcity while maintaining the prices high. In order to ensure that monopoly position is not abused, efficiency gains are realised, quality of services is maintained and price is affordable, government intervention is required. There are various mechanism through which the government can intervene and it depends on the underlying political and socio-cultural factors which tend to determine the best way forward. Also, the extreme measures such as nationalisation or monopoly breaking should be practised only in extreme scenarios when the other solutions fail to give desired results. References Arnold, A.R. (2008). Microeconomics (9th ed.). Sydney: Cengage Learning. Besanko, D. Braeutigam, R. (2010). Microeconomics (4th ed.). New York: John Wiley SAons. Mankiw, G. (2014) Microeconomics (6th ed.). London: Worth Publishers. Mankiw, G.N. Taylor, P. (2011). Microeconomics (5th ed.). Sydney: Cengage Learning. Nicholson, W. Snyder, C. (2011). Fundamentals of Microeconomics (11th ed.). New York: Cengage Learning. Krugman,P. Wells, R. (2008). Microeconomics (2nd ed.). London: Worth Publishers. Pindyck, R. Rubinfeld, D. (2001). Microeconomics (5th ed.). London: Prentice-Hall Publications. Samuelson, W. Marks, S. (2003). Managerial Economics (4th ed.). New York: Wiley Publications.

Galileo Galilei Essays (1288 words) - Galileo Affair,

Galileo Galilei Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) Galileo Galilei was born near Pisa, Italy, on February 15, 1564 (Drake). Galileo was the first child of Vincezio Galiei, a merchant and a musician (Jaki 289). In 1574, Galileo's family moved from Pisa to Florence, where Galileo started his formal education (Jaki 289). Seven years latter, in 1581, Galileo entered the University of Pisa as a medical student (Drake). In 1583, home on vacation from medical school, Galileo began to study mathematics and physical sciences (Jaki 289). A Family friend and professor at the Academy of Design, Ostilio Ricci, worked on translating some of Archimedes, which Galileo read and became interested in. This is where Galileo got his deep interest in Archimedes (Jaki 289). When returning to medical school, medical school became less appealing to Galileo, and his deep interests in Archimedes and mathematics drew him in, Galileo left without a degree in 1584 (Drake). Starting his studies, in 1585, in Aristotelian physics and cosmology, Galileo had to leave the University of Pisa before he got his degree, because of financial problems (Jaki 289). Going back to Florence, Galileo spent three unsuccessful years looking for a teaching position (Jaki 289). During this time Galileo was increasing his understanding of physics and mathematics. Also during this hard time Galileo wrote two discourses one about principles of balancing and the other about center of gravity of different solid objects (Jaki 289). These writings were circulated in manuscript form only, but they made Galileo well known in the scientific community. Galileo became renowned in 1588, when he gave a lecture at the Florentine Academy on the topography of Dante's Inferno, where he showed his extensive knowledge on mathematics and geometry (Jaki 289). In 1589, Galileo's rising reputation as a mathematician and natural philosopher (physicist), earned him a teaching spot at the University of Pisa (Jaki 289). Galileo spent three years at the University of Pisa. This move changed his concepts of physics in two ways. The first way was when he was at the university he was exposed to the writings of Fiovanni Battista Benedetti, which got his ideas from 14th century scientist Jean Buridan and Nicole Oresme at the University of Paris (Jaki 289). These writing made him break away from Aristotelian physics and start his own route through physical theories. The second part was when Galileo started teaching he argued and hated the fact that teachers had to wear academic robes while teaching. He would accept wearing ordinary clothes, but he rather that it would be the best to be naked (Jaki 289). In 1591, Galileo's father died and he had the burden to take care of his mother, brothers, and sisters (Jaki 289). Looking for a better position to support his family, Galileo found one in the University of Padua, part of the Venetian Republic (Jaki 289). There according to him he spent the happiest eighteen-years of his life (Jaki 289). ?He often visited Venice and made many influential friend, among them Giovanfrancesco Sagredo, whom he later immortalized in the Dialogue as the representative of judiciousness and good sense? (Jaki 289). In 1604, Galileo publicly declared that he was a believer of the famous astronomer Copernicus (Jaki 290). ?In three public lectures given in Venice, before an overflow audience, he argued that the new star which appeared earlier that year was major evidence in support of the doctrine of Copernicus. (Actually the new star merely proved that there was something seriously wrong with the Aristotelian doctrine of the heavens)? (Jaki 290). ?More important was the letter Galileo wrote that year to Father Paolo Sarpi, in which he stated that ?the distance covered in natural motion are proportional to the squares of time intervals, and there fore, the distances covered in equal time are as the odd numbers beginning from one? (Jaki 290). What he proposed was the law of free fall, later written as s = ? (gt2), where s is the distance, t is time, and g is the acceleration due to gravity at sea level (Jaki 290). In 1606, he published a small booklet, The Operations of the Geometrical and Military Compass (Jaki 290). He defended that he move to University of Padua and said it was because of personal

computers1 essays

computers1 essays Computers: Past, Present, and Future Computers have been around for years and help a great deal at home and in the workplace. I have owned a computer for about three years now and it has been very helpful when it comes to projects and type-written essays. I have completed schoolwork and projects more times than I can count. Not only can you use the computer for word-processing programs, but for games and online service as well. I have used AOL for a couple of years and have found that there are some problems with it so now I use Costco. A person can spend hours on the computer whether online or not. Usually I spend most of my time online because it takes a long time for things to be found sometimes. You can find anything online from a new or used car, tickets to your favorite football game, or even just chatting with some friends so you dont have to tie up the phone line all the time. There is a webpage for almost anything that a person can think of. Sports, news all over the world, traveling information, music, and much more. All you have to do is type in a specific word that you are looking for and the computer will find it for you. The workplace is an important place for a computer as well. Now days almost every company consists of a few computers to perform basic tasks for the company. Even a small company such as a local pub may have a computer to do all the cashier calculations. Computers are beginning to take over the workplace and are making less jobs for people. Computers can solve problems and do mathematical things so a person doesnt have to. Different companies have certain programs that fit for that one company. For a banking company, they may use a program that does math and may put peoples names in a certain order to make it easier to get in and out without wasting too much time. I worked at Home Depot for a while and they used computers fo...

Integrated Marketing Communications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Integrated Marketing Communications - Essay Example Information technology facilitates the gathering and maintaining of customer data and evaluating these data to identify similarities and differences and provides means of highly sophisticated segmentation tools. Vastly improved communication industry has provided means of interactive marketing such as the Internet and a host of other innovative means of informative advertising such as CD Rom catalogues and Video screens in supermarkets, altering the traditional mix of promotional tools. When considering the promotional or the communication mix decisions, the choices available is diverse today and the cost per reach can be vastly reduced with the new choices such as web site advertising. The traditional dominance of mass media such as TV, Radio and press is reduced, though it remains an important component. Modern marketing calls for more than just developing a good product, offering it at attractive price and making it available to the targeted market. Companies have to consider the promotional element of the marketing mix with equal importance and manage it effectively. Concept of Integrated Marketing Communications addresses the need for organizations to deliver clear, compelling, cohesive and consistent marketing message about the company and its product through carefully integrated and coordinated communication activities utilizing many marketing mix elements. Traditionally, firms executed their marketing mix elements in isolation and managed them separately with different budgets, different views of the market and different goals and objectives. These companies failed in presenting and communicating a consistent image of the company and its products to the targeted markets. Concept of integrated marketing communications recognize the need for carefully planning, coordinating and executing all marketing and promotional mix elements to

Defining the Manager Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Defining the Manager - Essay Example The HR manager should also know the requirements and tasks of an HR manager. It is also imperative that he/she had enough exposure to HR tasks in order for him/her to fully know the how things are done and how conflicts are solved. As a manager, an HR manager has four primary functions-planning which refers to identifying the goals, objectives, and the business plans to achieve them; organizing which identifies and sets the necessary resources to execute the business plan; directing which includes pointing, leading, and managing employees to achieve organizational goals; and controlling which involves the evaluation process carried out by the organization to check if the actual performance of the company matches the devised business plan (Allen 2). The HR manager should be able to look at the workforce needs of the business organization and come up with a plan to recruit, staff, or remove employees. He/she should also be able to organize the workforce in order to ensure that functions are carried out efficiently. The HR manager should also evaluate the performance of the company's workforce and come up with activities like workshops and seminars to further the strengths and competencies of each employee. Another important consideration is the HR manager's plan on how to keep the members of human resource motivat

Project Base Learning in the classroom Essay Example for Free

Project Base Learning in the classroom Essay Project based learning in classroom is a great departure from that of the conventional classroom learning method. The conventional learning is teacher centric and the students learn directly from their teacher. On the other hand, the project based learning is student centric while the teacher has only the role of a facilitator. Today’s world is more advanced in technology hence more complex. There are a lot of opportunities as well as various problems. Only those who can successfully handle such complex tasks can succeed in the modern life. The student needs to be prepared to face such things in their future life. And the project based learning in the classroom itself gives them a glimpse of challenges lying ahead and types of life surviving skills that needed to face them. In this method, the students are given challenging tasks, individually or in a group, which they need to carry out, using the concepts and principles they learned from the text books and their own common sense and creative thinking. Most of the tasks given to the students are related to real life situations. The basic idea behind using such real life situations is that it will make the student competent enough to construct solutions for such situations in the real life as when they arise. Project based learning method allows the students to decide themselves the course of actions in order to achieve the objective of the task or solve the given problem. They ask themselves the questions that need to be answered to produce the required answers. They themselves find out the answers and the ways to meet the set objectives. Their inherent qualities like leadership skills, problem solving skills and communication skills etc are forced to develop during this process. They also learn to think in a group which is essential in modern work culture. Unlike the passive role they played in the teacher centric learning method, the students are leaning things by actually doing it and experiencing the thrill as well as the difficulties of such learning. They get a chance to apply the knowledge they acquired from the text books on to the real life situations. The students direct themselves and this instills in them a sense of responsibility and their motivational levels will go up. The utilization of technology such as computer and internet etc give them a real clue about their immense utility. They get to experience the pride that is associated with the achievement of goals and they are ready for more. The teacher, who is also the facilitator, finally assesses the findings or suggestions submitted by the students and give his feedback. The feedback is very much important for the students and will help them make good the shortcoming and move forward. This way they horn their skills in every area of leaning and by the time they finish the schooling, they are ready to take on the numerous challenges that the life throws at them.

Life Without Parole Essay -- essays research papers fc

Capital Punishment in America Capital punishment should be viewed as the stripping away of humanity from a person. The death penalty itself should be "executed" because of racial inequities, the concept of murder, the possibility of error, lack of deterrence, the cost, and an overwhelmed legal system. "The goal of capital punishment is revenge" (Introduction 1). Capital punishment is simply an outlet for the bloodlust of the American people (Introduction 1). The death penalty is very discriminatory when it comes to racial issues. "The death penalty is fraught with abuses and the potential for abuse" (Moral Arguments 1). Capital punishment is largely "divided along racial lines" (Moral Arguments 1). "A 1990 report released by the Federal Government’s General Accounting Office found a ‘pattern of evidence indicating racial disparities in the charging, sentencing, and imposition of the death penalty after the Furman decision’" (Moral Arguments 1). In the 1970’s, Professor David Baldus examined sentencing patterns in Georgia. He reviewed over two-thousand five hundred homicide cases in Georgia and controlled for two-hundred and thirty non-racial factors. His conclusion was that "a person accused of killing a white was 4.3 times more likely to be sentenced to death than a person accused of killing a black" (Moral Arguments 1). Imagine the statistics when one adds the rest of the states in our country. Capital punishment is murder. It really doesn’t matter how you look at it. The end result is still the same. "What is the difference between the state killing and an individual killing" (Moral Arguments 1). It adds up to be the same end result. It is "one more dead body, one more set of grieving parents, and one more cemetery slot. When we execute someone, we are sending a profound message of cynicism" about the value of human life (Moral Arguments 2). "Every time we execute someone," we are sinking to the same level as the killer (Moral Arguments 2). "The American people have blood on their hands, and it will stay there until we finally remove this barbaric practice from our nation" (Moral Arguments 2). One of the most apparent reasons the d... ... The death penalty is based upon revenge against the murderer. All it adds up to at the end of the day is another corpse to bury. Works Cited "Death." http://donlemaire.homestead.com/deathpen~main.html. "Fight the Death Penalty in USA." www.fp.dk/index-uk.htm. "Innocence and the Death Penalty." www.essential.org/dpic/innoc.html. Greenberg, Jack. "Taking Sides." Dushkin Publishing Group, Inc. 1991. "Introduction." http://pages.prodigy.com/DC/vortex.intro.html. "Moral Arguments Against the Death Penalty." http://pages.prodigy.com/DC/vortex/moral.html. "Netmonkey’s Death Penalty Page." www.netmonkey.com/1998/features/death/death8.html. "Pragmatic Arguments Against the Death Penalty." http://pages.prodigy.com/DC/vortex/prag.html. United States. President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice. "The Challenge of Crime in a Free Society." New York: Avon, 1968.

Evolution of the Universe Essay

The evolution of earth will always remain a mystery. However, there is many scenarios and evidence to help understand the evolution of earth, its sun, planets, and the moon. The paper will derscribe how the earth and its atmosphere evolved with the help of other bodies. Which includes a discription of the formation of the bodies that plays a role in the evolution of earth. Also, a discription of the earth, sun, moon, planets, and other bodies motions according to Copernicus, Kepler, and Gallileo discoveries. Evolution: Earth and Its Atmosphere Plate tectonics are the ultimate process that controls the changes on Earth. Dynamic activity like volcanism, meteorite impacts, mountain building, and erosion, is how our Earth has come to its current state, while the continuing motion of the Earth is what’s driving the resurfacing of the Earth resulting in faulting, basin formation, and volcanism. The combination of gravity and the Earth’s internal heat is the driving force for this continuous motion. Earth’s internal heat comes from consistent decay of radioactive elements, crystallization of the inner core, and the heat left-over from planet formation. Recent discoveries suggest that features of current Earth come from the planetary melting and planetary accumulation which involves the differentiation of objects. Mars and the Moon underwent global differentiation which allowed the separation of the core from the mantle and formed large parts of the Earth’s still-existing crust. The atmosphere and oceans first appeared about 4. 5 billion years ago, soon after the Earth and Moon completed their formational phases (Mirali & Skinner, 2009). Oxygen was nearly absent in the atmosphere of the early Earth. The Great Oxygenation Event (GOE), or Great Oxidation, was the biologically induced appearance of free oxygen (O2) in Earth’s atmosphere. Cyanobacteria; a large photosynthetic bacterium, appears approximately 200 million years before the GOE and began to produce oxygen by photosynthesis (Carlson & Boyet, 2008). Cyanbacteria is known to be responsible for the initial rise of atmospheric oxygen during this time. Before the GOE, any free oxygen was chemically captured by dissolved iron or organic matter. After the GOE, any excess free oxygen began to accumulate in the atmosphere. Free oxygen is toxic to anaerobic organisms and the rising concentrations may have been the reason that most of the Earth’s anaerobic inhabitants were wiped out. Oxygen is dominantly locked in minerals in the crust and Earth’s interior and would remain as such if it weren’t for photo synthesizers. Methane and nitrous oxide have been increasing in recent years and a consequence of agricultural activities, and human-induced global warming (Kasing & Siefert, 2002). Thus, microorganisms have led to the basic composition of Earth’s atmosphere since the origin of life. Formation of the Bodies: Motions Role About five billion years ago the galaxy had a supernova explosion causing large elements of debris pushing it through gasses called hydrogen into interstellar particles and dust. By this process of mixture under its own gravity at the center, it compressed together and formed a star of gasses that we see today. This star now became born which is now the sun, which around it a swirl of material compressed as forces for the heat. This process gave rise to our sister planets and throughout the universe. The sun started to grow larger and its energy source also started to ignite its source outward into nuclear fire balls. Within millions of years disks and components started to freeze over into small grains of dust. From this process what was found was silicon, iron, aluminum, magnesium with oxygen that was displayed as clumps and large chunks of rock and boulder. They were so large that they broke apart from their own gravity and disbursed throughout the universe. Planetesimals planets started to grow, from this they were colliding with other bodies, now starting to grow into larger lanets with their form of mass and energy behind them giving them the power to move. In this time in history the sun was only about 2/3’s of the source of power that we have today, meaning the sun is more power today than ever, because of time and energy and mass letting it grow. The process of the large forms of mass rocks grew in time from there silicon, iron, aluminum, magnesium and oxygen with the help of the sun that now grew the planets that we know of today. As all the planets grew in time and formed to what we know them as, they all rotate in a clock ward motion. As the planets move together in the same motion they are creating energy within their centrifugal force, which keeps them in motion and growing with the support of the sun’s energy. Scientist’s Discoveries: Earth, Sun, Moon, Planets, Bodies The motions of the bodies in the universe were explained by several scientists between the 1490’s and the 1700’s. Initially, there was a widely held belief that the Earth was stationary and all of the other bodies revolved around it; this is called a geocentric model (Merali & Skinner, 2009). In the 1490’s however, a scientist named Copernicus began to address the fact that a geocentric model did not explain the movement of the planets. His discoveries began to show that a heliocentric system (sun is stationary, central and the planets revolve around it) was more likely based on noticing that planets temporarily reversed direction (Merali & Skinner, 2009). He surmised that the temporary reversal was because of the differences in time that it takes the Earth to orbit the Sun, versus the time it took for other bodies to orbit the sun (Merali & Skinner, 2009). Copernicus also determined that a body with a larger temporary reversal of direction was closer to earth and a smaller reversal was further away which could be tested by astronomical measurements (Merali & Skinner, 2009). Finally, Copernicus resurrected an old theory that the Earth spins on an axis which explains the rising and setting of the sun (Merali & Skinner, 2009). Copernicus’ discoveries led other scientists to also prove the heliocentric model. In the late 1500’s, Kepler discovered three laws that would bolster Copernicus’ heliocentric model, but would also prove his ideas about the shape of orbits wrong (Merali & Skinner, 2009). First, the Law of Ellipses says that each planets orbit is an ellipse and the sun is one focus (Merali & Skinner, 2009). Next, the Law of Equal Areas determines that the planet’s orbital speeds are not the same and therefore the closer they are to the sun the faster they orbit and alternately, the further from the sun, the slower the orbit (Merali & Skinner, 2009). Lastly, the Law of Orbital Harmony is a mathematical equation that determined that â€Å"the square of the orbital period in years is proportional to the cube of the planet’s average distance from the sun. † (Merali & Skinner, para. 11, 2009). Therefore, the Earth takes 356. 24219 days, or 1 year, to orbit the sun (Merali & Skinner, 2009). Even with these three valuable laws, it was Galileo and Newton who pulled the heliocentric model together. In the late 1600’s Galileo used a telescope to find four moons orbiting Jupiter which proved that Earth could not be at the center of orbital motion (Merali & Skinner, 2009). Galileo also determined that Venus had phases which could only be explained if Venus and Earth orbited the sun (Merali & Skinner, 2009). Finally, Galileo postulated that forces move bodies. Additionally, those bodies will only change direction or stop if influenced by another force and that force works equally on all bodies despite differences in mass (Merali & Skinner, 2009). It was this last concept that inspired Isaac Newton in the same period. Newton determined that if an apple was pulled to the Earth by gravity, then the moon would also be affected by gravity thus discovery that gravity influences all bodies on Earth and in the universe (Merali & Skinner, 2009). Conclusion Modern science will continue to have plenty of unanswered questions. The evolution of earth begins with the plate tectonics process that includes corollaries of mantle convention, contienental drift, seafloor spereading and explains the pattern of volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountain building. The atmosphere and oceans evolved 4. 5 years ago after the earth and moon completed their formational phases. With the help of Great Oxygenation Event (GOE), photosynthesis, and Cyanobacteria the earth produced oxygen. The formation of bodies occurred five billion years ago when the supernova explosion caused the birth of the sun and other planets. Issac Newton, Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler were very important scientist from the 1490s and the 1700s who made many discoveries about the earth, sun, planets, and other bodies motions.